Degraded Urban Soils

Over 400,000,000 years of evolutionary history with constant exposure to profound disturbances in various ecosystems have allowed a group of plants we call pioneers to form spontaneous plant communities on highly degraded urban soils. Although these plants generally have short life cycles, over time and in close association with soil microorganisms and fungi, they will form what we call soil, and with it, the favorable conditions for the creation of more complex and permanent plant and animal communities.